Perception Related to Labour Participation, Power Relations, and Social Expectations in Nigeria

Perception Related to Labour Participation, Power Relations, and Social Expectations in Nigeria



Abstract Views
46

Downloads
29

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Women and girls especially face gendered disadvantages in health, political representation, and the labour participation. As a result, this study explored the perception of men and women on gender inequality in Nigeria as it relates to labour participation, power between men and women, and social expectations. This study was descriptive and cross-sectional in design and used an online-based structured survey to elicit data from 238 men and women. Perception related to labour participation, power relations, and social expectations were determined on 8-item, 6-item, and 10-item perception scales, respectively. The majority (78.2%) were females, and the average age was 25.0±7.2 years. More men had unfavourable perceptions across the assessed perception categories compared to females. More than half (57.6%) of the respondents had unfavourable perceptions related to labour participation of women and men. Furthermore, one-third (31.1%) of respondents had unfavourable perception on power relations that exist between men and women. The majority (86.6%) of the respondents had favourable perception of social expectations of men and women. Sex was significantly associated with all perception categories (P ≤ 0.05). The high proportion of unfavourable perceptions related to women’s labour participation and power relations could be addressed through comprehensive social norms interventions that will lead to positive perception change.
Keywords: Discrimination Gender Inequality Labour Participation Power Relations Social Expectations
  1. Adisa, T. A., Abdulraheem, I., & Isiaka, S. B. (2019). Patriarchal hegemony: Investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance. Gender in Management, 34(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2018-0095.  |   Google Scholar
  2. Akpan, I., & Sempere, K. (n.d.). Hidden Inequalities: Tax Challenges of Market Women in Enugu and Kaduna States, Nigeria, 31.  |   Google Scholar
  3. Alhaji Ali, M. (2014). An Assessment of Factors Affecting Women Participation in Nigerian Labour Congress. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 5(8), 220–223.  |   Google Scholar
  4. Allen, A. (2009). Gender and power. In The SAGE Handbook of Power. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857021014.n16.  |   Google Scholar
  5. Anyangwe, E. (2015). Everyday sexism: What’s it really like being female in Nigeria? Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/30/africa/being-female-in-nigeria/index.html.  |   Google Scholar
  6. Apata, T., Oyekale, T., TE, T., Igbalajobi, O. ., Jaiyeoba, C., & Bamigboye, O. (2021). Household Unpaid Work Analysis in Developing Countries: Are Women in Nigeria Responsive? Evidence from Southwest, Nigeria. Journal of the Austrian Society of Agricultural Economics, 17(2), 389–406.  |   Google Scholar
  7. Brettell, C. B. (2002). Gendered Lives. In Current Anthropology (6th ed.) Vol. 43(S4). Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. https://doi.org/10.1086/339565.  |   Google Scholar
  8. British Council Nigeria. (2012). Gender in Nigeria Report 2012: Improving the Lives of Girls and Women in Nigeria: Issues, Policies, Action. https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/british-council-gender-nigeria2012.pdf.  |   Google Scholar
  9. Carli, L. L., & Eagly, A. H. (2016). Women face a labyrinth: an examination of metaphors for women leaders. Gender in Management, 31(8), 514–527. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2015-0007.  |   Google Scholar
  10. Damisa, M. A., & Yohanna, M. (2007). Role of Rural Women in Farm Management Decision Making Process: Ordered Probit Analysis. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 2(3), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2007.241.245.  |   Google Scholar
  11. Datta, N. (2018). The invisible door: Three barriers limiting women’s access to work. 1, 1–6. https://blogs.worldbank.org/jobs/invisible-door-three-barriers-limiting-women-s-access-work.  |   Google Scholar
  12. Emeka, O., & Monica, E. A. (2011). Women and leadership in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects. Developing Country Studies, 5(4), 1–10. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/19651.  |   Google Scholar
  13. Enfield, S. (2019). Gender Roles and Inequalities in the Nigerian Labour Market. In Helpdesk Report (p. 16).  |   Google Scholar
  14. Fälth, A., & Blackden, M. (2009). Unpaid Care Work Gender Equality and Poverty Reduction (Issue 01, pp. 1–8).  |   Google Scholar
  15. Fapohunda, T. M. (2013). The Gender Pay Gap in Nigeria: Causes and Remedies. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n2p211.  |   Google Scholar
  16. Fawole, O. I. (2008). Economic Violence To Women and Girls. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008319255.  |   Google Scholar
  17. Gender segregation, underemployment and subjective well-being in the UK labour market. (n.d.).  |   Google Scholar
  18. GSDRC. (n.d.). Human development and gender inequality. Retrieved from: https://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/social-development-and-human-development/human-development-and-gender-inequality/.  |   Google Scholar
  19. Heise, L., Greene, M. E., Opper, N., Stavropoulou, M., Harper, C., Nascimento, M., Zewdie, D., et al. (2019). Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health. The Lancet, 393(10189), 2440–2454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30652-X.  |   Google Scholar
  20. Israel, G. D. (2003). Determining Sample Size. University of Florida. Retrieved from: https://www.tarleton.edu/academicassessment/documents/samplesize.pdf.  |   Google Scholar
  21. ITUC. (2018). ITUC Economic and Social Policy Brief: The Gender Wage Gap. International Trade Union Confederation, 1–7.  |   Google Scholar
  22. Kennedy, E., Binder, G., Humphries-Waa, K., Tidhar, T., Cini, K., Comrie-Thomson, L., Vaughan, C., Francis, K., Scott, N., Wulan, N., Patton, G., & Azzopardi., P. (2020). Gender inequalities in health and wellbeing across the first two decades of life: an analysis of 40 low-income and middle-income countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Lancet, 8, e1473–e1488.  |   Google Scholar
  23. Kim Parker. (2015). Women more than men adjust their careers for family life. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/01/women-more-than-men-adjust-their-careers-for-family-life/.  |   Google Scholar
  24. Klasen, S. (2017). Gender, institutions, and economic development. Retrieved from: http://grow.research.mcgill.ca/pubs/gwp-04-2017.pdf.  |   Google Scholar
  25. Mader, K., & Schneebaum, A. (2013). The gendered nature of intra-household decision making in and across Europe. August, 1–34.  |   Google Scholar
  26. Makama, G. A. (2013). Patriarchy and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: The Way Forward. European Scientific Journal, 9(17), 1857-7881.  |   Google Scholar
  27. Mayah, E., Mariotti, C., Mere, E., & Celestine Okwudili Odo. (2017). Inequality in Nigeria. https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/cr-inequality-in-nigeria-170517-en.pdf.  |   Google Scholar
  28. Mcleroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs. Health Education & Behavior, 15(4), 351–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401.  |   Google Scholar
  29. National Bureau of Statistic. (2020). Labor Force Statistics: Unemployment and Underemployment Report. Labor Force Statistics Unemployment and Underemployment Report, 1(December), 1–88. https://www.proshareng.com/news/Nigeria Economy/Unemployment-Rate-Rises-to-18.8Percent-i/37757.  |   Google Scholar
  30. National Bureau of Statistics Nigeria. (2021). STATISTICAL REPORT ON WOMEN AND MEN IN NIGERIA.  |   Google Scholar
  31. National Population Commission. (2019). Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018.  |   Google Scholar
  32. Nilima, N. (2017). How to adjust sample size for non-response in cross sectional studies?  |   Google Scholar
  33. Obayelu, A. E., Ogbe, A. O., & Edewor, S. E. (2020). Gender gaps and female labour participation in agriculture in Nigeria. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(2), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-03-2019-0128.  |   Google Scholar
  34. Olonade, O. Y., Oyibode, B. O., Idowu, B. O., George, T. O., Iwelumor, O. S., Ozoya, M. I., Egharevba, M. E., & Adetunde, C. O. (2021). Understanding gender issues in Nigeria: the imperative for sustainable development. Heliyon, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07622.  |   Google Scholar
  35. Olowa, O. A., & Adeoti, A. I. (2014). Effect of Education Status of Women on Their Labour Market Participation in Rural Nigeria. American Journal of Economics, 4(1), 72–81.  |   Google Scholar
  36. Olu-Owolabi, F. E., Amoo, E., Samuel, O., Oyeyemi, A., & Adejumo, G. (2020). Female-dominated informal labour sector and family (in) stability: The interface between reproduction and production. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1788878.  |   Google Scholar
  37. Onwumah, A., George, T., Olonade, O., & Adetunde, C. (2019). Factors militating against gender mainstreaming in Nigeria. Gender & Behaviour, 53(9), 14038–14045. www.journal.uta45jakarta.ac.id.  |   Google Scholar
  38. OXFAM International. (2022). Why the majority of the world’s poor are women. OXFAM International. https://www.oxfam.org/en/why-majority-worlds-poor-are-women.  |   Google Scholar
  39. Pulerwitz, J., Gortmaker, S. L., & DeJong, W. (2000). Measuring sexual relationship power in HIV/STD research. Sex Roles, 42(7–8), 637–660. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007051506972.  |   Google Scholar
  40. Ricardo, C., Nascimento, M., Fonseca, V., & Segundo, M. (2006). Engaging young men in violence prevention: Reflections from Latin America and India. In F. Mitchell & C. Leach (Eds.), Combating gender violence in and around schools. Trowbridge.  |   Google Scholar
  41. Shukla, P. (2016). Appointing Women to Boards: Is There a Cultural Bias? CFA Digest, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.2469/dig.v46.n1.10.  |   Google Scholar
  42. Stephenson, R., Bartel, D., & Rubardt, M. (2012). Constructs of power and equity and their association with contraceptive use among men and women in rural Ethiopia and Kenya. Global Public Health, 7(6), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.672581.  |   Google Scholar
  43. Sydhagen, K., & Cunningham, P. (2007). Human Resource Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Human Resource Development International, 10(2), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315818177-13.  |   Google Scholar
  44. UN Women. (2018). Facts and figures: Economic Empowerment. Https://Www.Unwomen.Org/En/What-We-Do/Economic-Empowerment/Facts-and-Figures, 0–0.  |   Google Scholar
  45. UNDP. (n.d.). Gender Inequality Index. Retrieved from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii.  |   Google Scholar
  46. Waszak, C., Severy, L. J., Kafafi, L., & Badawi, I. (2001). Fertility behavior and psychological stress: The mediating influence of gender norm beliefs among Egyptian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25(3), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00021.  |   Google Scholar
  47. Wayne, I. (1975). Nonresponse, sample size, and the allocation of resources. Public Opinion Quarterly, 39(4), 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1086/268253.  |   Google Scholar
  48. Wiles, J. (2009). Gender and Health. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00335-7.  |   Google Scholar
  49. Wingood, G. M., & Diclemente, R. J. (2000). Application of the Theory of Gender and Power to Examine HIV-Related Exposures, Risk Factors, and Effective Interventions for Women. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 539–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700502.  |   Google Scholar
  50. World Bank. (2022). Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don’t Have Same Economic Rights as Men. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/01/nearly-2-4-billion-women-globally-don-t-have-same-economic-rights-as-men.  |   Google Scholar
  51. World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Gender Gap Report. Retrieved from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf.  |   Google Scholar

How to Cite

Adetunji, A., & Omotosho, A. Y. (2023). Perception Related to Labour Participation, Power Relations, and Social Expectations in Nigeria. European Journal of Development Studies, 3(3), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2023.3.3.250

Search Panel

 Adetayo Adetunji
 Google Scholar |   EJMED Journal
 Abiodun Y. Omotosho
 Google Scholar |   EJMED Journal