Cases of Migration Fluxes and Regulations: A Crucial Trending Issue in the Western World

Migration fluxes are historical as humanity grows beyond local and regional and runs across global boundaries, turning the world into a worldwide village humans have never presumed and aspired to. It uses the gateway of Europe (Turkey) as a reference and pivot study to assess the most trending issue in the history of human civilisation. With more emphasis, the study covered diverse disciplines—from humanities to social sciences, arts, and anthropological studies—which provides a variety of opinions to this pragmatic study. Data collection for this study involves enormous search, selection, assessment, review, and categorisation of various articles related to the research theme. The research offers qualitative information for the contents and an in-depth analysis—of which findings indicated that migration flux has remarkable effects on immigration regulations, political and defence, social, traditions, urban and rural infrastructures, medical and educational infrastructures, and economics of the host country. These migrants are large enough to remarkably impact populations’ size, composition, and distribution in sending and receiving nations. The study further depicted that the origin nations’ social, financial, and political situations always trigger the massive movement of people to the Western and Eastern World—which indicated that the correlation between economic advancement and movement of people is fundamental and vital reasons above. Thus, public representatives should recognise such tips as a pivotal compass to guide their decision-making on global migration regulations.

Introduction

The peculiarity of migration as a notion of movement is studied under two diverse themes within social sciences. Hence, Aristotle, one of the first great thinkers to observe the trend of motion, discoursed the crusade as a spectacular arising from the subject’s internal changing aspects. When we reflect on this perspective on migrants’ immigration from societal perception, it reveals that the agitations of the immigration issue could explain the reason for migration. Contrarily, Galileo conveys a different opinion on the act of migration than Aristotle, stating that the cause of the movement is not interior but exterior (Kunuroglu & Önder, 2022; Liszkowska, 2023).

However, numerous explanations include external factors such as war, natural disasters (earthquakes, famine), diseases, alignment to alternative and foreign possessions, and problems created by societal settings as reasons for global migration. In this framework, if we make the concept of people movement societal, it reveals internal and external reasons, prospects, and requirements that have led to relocation. From a theoretical point of view, most activists see all people as global inhabitants (Fontanari & Ambrosini, 2018; Trimikliniotis, 2019) and activists that one should not aggressively treat an immigrant. According to Mazi (2022), this has two main motives. The reason for these hesitations was the past growth of mass immigration flowing into Turkey’s land. Turkey has encountered a massive populace travelling from the Middle East, Asia, and Africa (Akcan, 2023) to the present region of Turkey—which happens to be a transition point for Western countries.

Over the past decades, there has been a wide economic depression trending toward many issues in vast numbers of technologically progressive, influential, wealthy nations and other global communities (Gorteret al., 2018; Skeldon, 2018). The population characterisations transformed while the Western population rose more rapidly than the others; this condition has faced transformation. In most developing nations, the populace overgrows more than financial growth, resulting in massive impoverishment. Western community agronomy began to fall, particularly after 1950 and urban expansion—fewer populaces that acquired landed property land and the location of industries in the metropolises. Country manufacturing had misplaced rivalry with the local factory (Brochmann & Hammar, 2020; Cohen, 2023). Such growth triggered massive migration from within and outside due to advancements in educational services, enormous production, and the quest for technological advancement.

During the 1930 financial meltdown triggered by worldwide warfare, nations began to modify people’s movements. All nations changed migration to meet the demands of the industrial and agricultural sectors. The populace’s demand for high production triggered migration. It enhanced efficient transportation and communication, while the wealthy nations dreaded overcoming meagre migrants from other global communities. The financial problem fast-tracked this course. The worker was permitted to come on an impermanent base and needed a document to work in many nations. In this case, the outbreak of global war triggers the mass movement of workers from eastern parts of Europe (Brettell & Hollifield, 2022; De Haaset al., 2019a). At the same time, England and France enlisted countless workers from the western and southern parts of Europe (White, 2023) and the Northern parts of Africa.

Scholars see the notion of multinationalism as preventing procedural statehood, which applies conceptual procedures that run across international boundaries, continents, and regional procedures of community integration (Anderson, 2019; Scheel & Tazzioli, 2022). The ideology of the global movement of people displayed the idea of drifts and people immigration searches, indicating menace associated with the additional consideration given to immigration issues in Western countries (Faulconbridge & Hui, 2017; Randell, 2020). Many empirical works on global immigration have assessed the history and international progressions affecting migrants worldwide and the consequences that follow in their host countries (Heyman, 2018; Slack & Martínez, 2021). These consequences and migration regulations are what propel this current study.

Significance of the Study

To further reveal the significance of this study, there is a continuous contention that there is a tendency for immigration flux to get to a crucial level of brink or breaking point based on the people’s movement patterns, job providers, and migration trading mobilisers (such as migrant head-hunters, solicitors, traffickers, and diverse mediators)—which encourages or facilitates massive migration (Asiset al., 2019; Brettell & Hollifield, 2022; Saharso, 2019). These internally driven forces illustrate why people's movement could result in individual aspirations (De Haas, 2020). In such a situation, the host nations face limitations legally and practically to regulate people entering their nations—due to laws backing people’s liberties or civil liberties—which includes household reunion, defence for people seeking a temporary or permanent stay, and people who are susceptible due to the civil crises in their source countries. From this perspective, Western democratic nations have limitations in legalities, regulations, and values that limit the host nations’ authority and sovereignty based on how they handle or manage the immigrants (Ohliger & Schönwälder, 2017). These circumstances illustrate why migration decisions and regulations have a low impact based on the extended timeframe and the propensity of the migrant’s rate. The capacity to regulate global immigration has reduced, and the drive to do so has grown remarkably. The practicality of this situation is visible with the open boundary policies that grossly flip large numbers of migrants into the Western nations with no restriction. The migration rate to the Western world increased significantly over twenty years ago—notwithstanding several measures initiated to control the massive movement of people from African, Arabian, and Asian nations (De Haaset al., 2019b).

Many scholars critically debated these immigration issues based on the immediate impacts and aftermaths, theoretical and practical justification, civic opinion discussion, the objectivity of such regulations, the implementation outcome, and the expectations of the policy-makers and the public majority in assessing the results of the immigration regulations. Hence, the argument found its basement in the insufficiency of pragmatic proof on the effect of migration regulations and plans (Pedroza & Palop-García, 2024; Brown, 2022) and in the theoretical ground of this debatable discussion. Thus, several assessments of regulation and plan impacts emphasise detailed procedures on global migration classifications over the gazetted timeframe (De Haas et al., 2019; Manning & Trimmer, 2020). At the same time, numerous empirical searches provide general evaluations of the impacts of immigration regulations and plans on continuing immigration drifts. Because this research asks and answers diverse inquiries, it is not shocking that they also reach hypothetically contrasting assumptions. These issues, as vividly narrated above, trigger the researcher to examine the circumstances surrounding global migration flux and its antecedents. Based on these diverse rhetorical circumstances and challenges surrounding global migration, the researcher showed concern by postulating these crucial questions to address issues on immigration flux below:

1. How effective are these immigration regulations?

2. Does it constitute political and defence threats?

3. Does it necessitate any social impact?

4. How does it transform the existing traditions of the host countries?

5. Has it had any significant effects on urban and rural infrastructures?

6. What are the circumstances surrounding the existing medical and educational facilities?

7. What are the economic significances of migration fluxes?

Theoretical Review

Understanding Migration Fluxes: Socio-Cultural and Global Perspectives

Previous global immigration researchers, public representatives, and public governance agencies, given the universal active bias of notional tactics, showed their interest in evaluating the level of integration into the reception nations. Global immigration flux poses a consequential risk to immigrant-receiving nations’ supposed social similarity and security challenges. The ultimate expectation for the immigrants was to integrate without any visible homogeneity of their existing country of origin. In this case, the native people in their newly integrated nation might regard them as unintegrated, smaller, or few people, while the immigrants and marginalised people emerged as outcasts. The word integration emerged to depict countless cases, and adopting this word without a clear, reasonable verdict is very problematic. Practically and theoretically, migrants and their families will undoubtedly integrate into Western tradition and later drift away from their initial or existing tradition as they seem grafted into the social and financial lifestyle of the Western world. It fully collaborated with the concepts of the massive global movement of people and integration (Penninx, 2019; Saharso, 2019). People tried to protect and preserve their uniqueness and cultures from radical, unreceptive, and social threats. Later, political bodies or states, executives, and lawmakers become familiar with the ideology of the immigrants coming to reside in their nations on permanent ground—which is socially and legally welcome as they aim to achieve social acceptance and tolerance of the immigrants. This concept is known to achieve the objective of cultural dynamism, objectivity, diversity, equality, and integration (Bradyet al., 2020; Patterson Silver Wolfet al., 2021). Spontaneously, researchers on migrants started to study the developments of the community regarding cultural dynamism as a conceptual weapon to support pragmatic and vital study. Thus, conceptual discourses evaluate the level at which people can co-exist in a given community or state, recollecting the existence of cultural uniqueness but still having some civil liberties and social obligations in common. Several searches have judgementally or objectively investigated the impact of cultural dynamism on individuality, originality, societal unification, and crisis. For instance, we have had a conceptual pattern of migrant integration over a long period. The research showed that immigrants in Mexico have integrated into vital aspects of the nation before finally acquitted into the wider community (Portes & Martinez, 2021; Rathet al., 2020). Consequently, social integration and cultural dynamism expatiated on the vital aspects of immigration regulations and plans for researchers to conceptualise and practicalise concurrently (Johansson, 2024; Mansouri & Modood, 2021).

Global Migration and Migrants’ Status: A Rhetoric of Financial Opportunity

The concept emphasises that financial determinants, including other instrumental issues, were also acceptable in this world of easy contraction and expansion contrast. The contraction issues trigger individuals to move from their countries due to the government instability, harsh way of life, and severe financial meltdown. The expansion issues trigger people to move to diverse regions due to high employment prospects, prospects for a better life, and civil liberties. The new financial techniques depend solely on a coherent preference concept of people's attitudes over expenses and gains of choices before concluding with a specific choice (Budría & Martínez-de-Ibarreta, 2021; Falckeet al., 2020; Pivovarova & Powers, 2022). Based on the more extensive economic outlook, this financial interpretation of people immigration defines global people immigration on the scope of international workers distribution and requests for workers in global marketplaces. It indicates that nations with high working opportunities and low working forces fascinate the working forces of states with low incomes and low employment opportunities. The concept emphasises general principles, acknowledging liberty of opinion, respect for human reasoning and preferences, and the belief that unrestricted opening of borders will help attain a stable financial market—where low-income earners migrate to advanced nations and overpopulated migrated population regions (Pelletieret al., 2024; Steiner, 2023).

Method

This study deliberated on the view of methodology that has severe consequences for the quantity and qualitative extent of global immigration regulations and their significant impact on people’s immigration morphologies. These are due to various reasons, indicating that variables could be challenging to illustrate numerically, such as immigration regulations, rules, and acts. However, diverse academics have currently involved migration regulation factors in measurable studies of global immigration variants—which applied diverse procedural tactics to evaluate the impact of migration regulations. Several methodologies centre on paper-inscribed regulation since most execution is usually difficult to assess. It implies that numerical assessments certainly misperceive execution and efficiency breaches and that background understanding and quality evaluation are vital to consider which of the openings seem to be of utmost importance in narrating the inefficiency in immigration regulation (Bernard & Perales, 2021; Brochmann & Hammar, 2020; Euleet al., 2018). So far, a measurable pragmatic study employed two substitute methods to evaluate the efficiency of the global immigration regulation. The initial technique applied dual immigration regulation variants to show the times in which a specific regulation or other regulation transformed significantly. The following technique comprises creating multiple immigration regulation indicators that evaluate modifications in the efficiency of regulation restrictions.

The initial technique was applied to cover research on the determining factors of immigration from seventy nations to the United States and Canada. The researchers applied two-fold periodic variants to evaluate the impacts of transformations of United States migration regulation and the Canadian migration regulations of 1976, 1980, and 1986. The outcomes recommend that migration regulations remarkably decline migrants to mutual nations (Borjas & Chiswick, 2019). Another survey applied comparable dual period variants to concurrently assess the impacts of main immigration regulation transformations on African and Asian nations to German states between 1981 and 1995 (Daoet al., 2018; De Haas, 2021; Fischeret al., 2021). Thus, the studies revealed the remarkable impacts of three migration modifications from the years 1987 to 1991: the extension of the provisional working restriction for refuge applicants from twenty-four months to sixty months, the easing and consequent closure or elimination of the labour embargo for refugee applicants; and the severe refuge modification. These years of immigration modifications constrained liberties to work for refugee applicants, and the immigration modification expanded these liberties. The major challenge with the method is that it permits limited assessment regarding the severe implications of immigration flux. Such constraints showed significance on immigrant working permits and overstretch of immigration regulations—while the research only centred on reception nations and overlooked the effects on the migrant countries (Carling & Collins, 2020; De Haaset al., 2018; Van Hearet al., 2020). A related survey carried out in the United Kingdom showing the inflow and outflow of migrants for two decades and a half (1976 to 2000) employed a two-fold period to cover state immigration regulation transformations and the equivocal impacts on Western countries due to immigration expansion—its threshold effects were adversely significant beyond measure socially, politically and economically (Cooperet al., 2021; Scipioni, 2018). The two-fold technique or methodology does not reflect the actual assessment regarding a specific migration regulation transformation but a transformation in public governance from Right-wing to Left-wing politics—which caused an instant change in the direction of left-wing migration regulations. Thus, the methodology was ambiguous due to the problematic migration regulations under the left-wing political system, which aligned with the working force marketplace, employment, and financial incorporation in the European Community.

In summary, the qualitative methodology applied to obtain various secondary data used at every stage of this study led to the assumption that the impacts of immigration flux and regulation comparatively and significantly influence political and defence, social, traditions, urban and rural infrastructures, medical and educational infrastructures, and economics of the host country—which may muddle the efficiency of the proposed immigration regulation.

Results and Discussion

Effectiveness of Immigration Regulations

Most importantly, the liberties of the immigrants have been enshrined in the article of Turkish law No. 6458, as enacted in 2014. Turkey has given a rightful place to those migrating from diverse regions in agreement with Article 91 of this law and defined these people as people Underneath Impermanent Defense. Impermanent defence begins with the verdict of the Assembly of Ministers and ends with the resolution (Aleinikoff & Zamore, 2020; Kaya, 2021; Üstübici, 2019). All these regulations faced serious contention contended by some scholars who doubted the efficiency of migration regulations and disagreed that immigration regulations have been so efficient and have developed increasing complexity (Bousiou, 2022; Brochmann & Hammar, 2020; Dekkeret al., 2018). It opposed the idea that the capability of countries to efficiently execute migration regulations, which include the reprimanding of illegal immigrants, has enlarged. Based on the empirical study in emerging countries, scholars have contended that it has developed more problems for underprivileged individuals to move to advanced nations due to the new visa regulations and severe immigration checks. Previous and current searches regarding immigration flux have also been directed to key nations to redefine immigration regulations and implications (Carling & Schewel, 2020; Majumder & Rahman, 2023; Skeldon, 2018; Zolberg, 2018). The contention appears backed up by an increasing number of measurable pragmatic searches, which implies that migration regulations remarkably impact the extent and structure of migration drifts (Czaika & De Haas, 2017; Daoet al., 2018).

Political and Defense Threats

Immigration has a lot of political and security threats; these include civic disarray, boundary insecurity and violence, and global friction, especially with the United Nations and European counterparts. Civic aggression, disturbance, civic fraud and depravity; social reactions such as neighbourhood response, grinding, insurgency, outbreak, violent contest, public demonstration, and social explosion; body hawking and youngster trading; crimes such as youngster work, stealing, extortion, begging, involvement in criminal activities; Feelings like hate, suffering, fear. It narrated that boundary safekeeping problems caused by immigration are well-defined by terms such as boundary abuses, high rate of death, youngster trading and terror threats. These show that cases such as people crossing the border without a license, bereavements during such transgressions, kidnappings from the boundary, and deaths during these captures during these particular periods have incredible impacts on immigration to Turkey (Efe, 2019; Sert & Danış, 2021). Thus, one of the widespread destructive impacts of immigration is the existence of societal protection issues. Security protects human civilisation through civic relationships and other security characterisations and tips. These issues have revealed a profound connection to the recent conflict in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia (Gokalp Aras & Sahin Mencutek, 2019; Peixoto, 2019). These problems include high growth in various terrorism activities, personal protection issues created by the refugees wishing to illegally move from Aegean areas to multiple nations, and diminishing state defence in diverse regions.

Social Impacts of Migration Fluxes

Among the significant difficulties encountered by immigrants in the household, the framework is parting from the home, the forfeiture of relations, the transformation of physical and societal circumstances, modification of earlier responsibilities and values, the confiscation of civic backing, complications in upholding the more first customs of marital, birth and youngster upbringing, schooling of kids, the capability to meet the household requirements in terms of health care and well-being challenges (Cantekinet al., 2021), such as nourishment, paleness, and incapability to partake in commercial life and other related. So, immigration from neighbouring nations and the mainland may result in a destructive reoccurrence in the Turkish household system (Cantekinet al., 2021). Even if regionally, public conduct with a propensity of extermination rejuvenating for numerous civic and financial motives.

However, probing the immigration reports of the United Nations revealed that 80% of the immigrants are adult females and kids and that most of the adult females unprotected from immigration encounter sexual extortion, financial disparity, and people privileges abuses (Ãavlin, 2020; Tarakcioglu & Ciceklioglu, 2022). The preliminary research revealed the most significant abuse people placed on adult females and kids. The study showed that these kids who are sufferers of war face societal segregation, lonesomeness, linguistic challenges and ethnical variances of immigrant adult females, leading to more severe issues and exploitation than adult male trials, including 52% of adult females think that their families need mental and physical backing (Costantini & Hanau Santini, 2022; Hellmüller, 2021).

Transformation of the Existing Traditions of the Host Countries

Integration is the notion that developed in the process of linking the culture of individuals with their individualities. Linguistics comes first in the factual and psychic features of one community. Linguistics is a tool that the culture commonly uses to distinguish the global community in terms of accurate and psychic rudiments. Some vital errors made in this framework are at a rate that will destabilise the fundamentals of community survival. Turkish language training for immigrants is one of the most significant necessary stages, apart from all well-being and protection, whether they will live in Turkey or not (Adaçay, 2019; Levent, 2019). The preparation of the Turkish language is mandatory in this framework. It will also help immigrants with traditional acclimation and avert the formation of behaviours and conduct that can have destructive effects on the Turkish nation. Turkish regular conduct and attitudes influence all the immigrant’s way of life. For individuals who began living in a new community, communicating the tongue of such a nation and creating a better association with the residents decreases the possibility of encountering challenges (Blackmoreet al., 2020; Scharpfet al., 2021). The differences in the principles of human tradition are profound in complications, troubles, despairs, and responses of people who have initiated themselves in a nation different from their state of origin (Akkar Ercan, 2017). Giving mental and communal backing to immigrants who encounter a traditional surprise is crucial.

Impacts on the Urban and Rural Infrastructures

One of the most significant complications triggered by massive immigration is housing. Several immigrants who came to Turkey live in campsites organised for them by the Turkish government, showing a substantial part of them in the spatial distribution across many provinces. The urban areas showed diverse characterisations of cluster settlements. Apart from the vast metropolises with extensive employment prospects, immigrants settle in diverse regions based on families and nationality sources. It reveals that many immigrants lived in the Hatay State and Şırnak State (Aslanet al., 2023; Kaypak & Yilmaz, 2019) with diverse cultures that positively facilitate life.

However, housing shortages in urban areas cause main challenges. The general result of most studies that focused on massive immigration is that their existence has destructively impacted the rent payment in urban areas in terms of rising due to request concentration. Immigrants who have financial challenges live in multiple households in one apartment due to the constraints of their housing possibilities. This condition generates pressure between the natives of the small revenue-generated populace and immigrants, particularly with the rise of apartment rent (Dogutas, 2024; Korkmaz, 2023). Among the problems that echoed in the broadcasting, the apartment rent charges grew, and there were fights between the apartment owners and immigrants. Other problems are apartment availability and the formation of racial areas, a matter discussed in several literature reviews as a societal mix. Research revealed that immigrants logically reside side by side based on their nationality. This matter will severely raise the slum areas formerly unnoticed in Turkey. The subdivision in these areas impacts urban areas from several diverse views, such as labour, household and day-to-day activities (Aslanet al., 2023; Aydemir & Şahin, 2019).

The distribution of city facilities to immigrants from campsites also includes a significant disadvantage for local governments. Working with limited capital possessions, local governments have problems distributing civic facilities to the immigrant population who are not in the situation and cannot pay the public revenue purse. The overall impact of immigrants in all cities is the rise in apartment charges. This condition generates prospects for landholders but causes problems for renters (Cosar, 2018; Şeker, 2023). The report about the three-dimensional building of the parting of the renewal state and immigrants is the parting of living places (Tofangchi Mahyariet al., 2021). It resulted in the rise in the burden of municipal provision under the captions, which included the weakening of public order and the destruction of moral principles. Explanations for this may lie in the rivalry taken by the low-priced immigrant work, the rise in apartment charges, shortages of apartments for rent, the surge in residence sales, and the revitalisation of the building industry (Narli & Özaşçılar, 2020).

Impacts on the Existing Medical and Educational Facilities

Immigration triggers some complications in terms of well-being and schooling. The polio outbreak and mental backing to the immigrants are vital. Even some hidden illnesses or injections not used in Turkey, such as polio ailment, have become noticeable in the boundary states. Moreover, the diseases of measles and the oriental sore category have appeared again. In the framework, the social privileges these people (immigrants) possess in Turkey are very significant. Thus, all-inclusive bid network structures and facilities development were for these people. It is imperative to launch authorised provisions and organisational action for the influx of immigrants into Turkey (Taşkın, 2023). In community colleges, only those who enter the country with identification or those with an abode document can obtain schooling services. Roughly 10% of the immigrants residing in urban areas receive educational services. The deficiency of formal schooling qualifications for asylum applicants triggers a threat regarding future societal effects (Cosar, 2018).

Economic Impact of Migration Fluxes

The upsurge in the immigrant populace in the nation carries some unanticipated financial hitches in the taxation sector, government expenditures, and procurement of infrastructures. Removal of the shortages in facility availability (waste, water, land transportation, and schooling), including the populace growth, makes the upsurge of government spending unavoidable. This description indicates that immigrants in the European continent have a significant problem with public capital outlay because of the facilities that the people need (Caro, 2020; Demirci & Kırdar, 2023), particularly schooling, well-being, and other metropolitan amenities. Populace growing due to immigration raises the overhead of government procurement of facilities by triggering complications such as insufficient metropolitan facilities for the enlarged populace and the rise of venture expenses due to a shortage of urban expansion amenities. The nations that welcome immigrants have to produce guidelines that will offer more extensive and thorough facility availability to counter the lack of civic services, shelter, well-being and schooling, which results in an upsurge in the problem of national expenses (Erçetin & Mavi, 2019). An upsurge in government expenses is occurring with the growing populace concerning the nation accepting immigration. The circumstance described the hitches encountered in facilitating social amenities such as medical and schooling; it thus produces significant weight on government expenses. It indicated that while the populace rises in terms of the immigrant nation—it impacts the assurance revenue (Adil & Özdemir, 2019; Demirci & Kırdar, 2023) and generates problems such as improvement in the unorganised financial sector, unbalanced urban growth, and insufficient government spending. Thus, the wide-ranging view is that the commercial advancement of the nations with competent investment immigration will rise, and the governments that accept incompetent investment immigration will be adversely affected by the growing financial procedure.

Conclusion

Fundamentally, global migration is a constant, not an abnormality, in man’s history—human migration is always moving on and changing with time. The effects of globalisation, resulting in diverse systems of immigration regulation, are thus far conceived. Turkey offers a robust, pragmatic situation regarding migration fluxes and regulations as a crucial trending issue in Western nations. Despite all the descriptions in the rule and the associated regulation, from the mixed review of academic papers, in the media, in the reports of governmental players, and the public, the words of an immigrant, refugee, asylum-applicant and individual under impermanent caused a defence threat collectively. The evidence about the immigrants’ fluctuation revealed significant adverse effects on government and security, socio-economic activity, Turkish traditions, infrastructural facilities, and medical and educational infrastructures. This global migration is often large enough to remarkably impact populations’ size, composition, and distribution in sending and receiving nations. Thus, global financial reset and socio-political crises have prompted migration change at both ends of the origin and destination.; while previous waves of migrants have bestowed to the destination nations—a sizeable and distinguishing bequest, which several financial and other related factors have subsequently strengthened. The study reveals the threshold effects and provides adequate recommendations. Also, the outbreak of the civil crisis triggered the mass movement of migrants from Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Balkan nations to Turkey and Europe. Future studies may investigate the extent of globalisation’s effects on immigration forms between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere nations.